"""Semantic analysis of types"""

import itertools
from itertools import chain
from contextlib import contextmanager
from mypy.ordered_dict import OrderedDict

from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Iterator, TypeVar, Iterable, Sequence
from typing_extensions import Final
from mypy_extensions import DefaultNamedArg

from mypy.messages import MessageBuilder, quote_type_string, format_type_bare
from mypy.options import Options
from mypy.types import (
    Type, UnboundType, TypeVarType, TupleType, TypedDictType, UnionType, Instance, AnyType,
    CallableType, NoneType, ErasedType, DeletedType, TypeList, TypeVarDef, SyntheticTypeVisitor,
    StarType, PartialType, EllipsisType, UninhabitedType, TypeType, TypeGuardType,
    CallableArgument, TypeQuery, union_items, TypeOfAny, LiteralType, RawExpressionType,
    PlaceholderType, Overloaded, get_proper_type, TypeAliasType, TypeVarLikeDef, ParamSpecDef
)

from mypy.nodes import (
    TypeInfo, Context, SymbolTableNode, Var, Expression,
    get_nongen_builtins, check_arg_names, check_arg_kinds, ARG_POS, ARG_NAMED,
    ARG_OPT, ARG_NAMED_OPT, ARG_STAR, ARG_STAR2, TypeVarExpr, TypeVarLikeExpr, ParamSpecExpr,
    TypeAlias, PlaceholderNode, SYMBOL_FUNCBASE_TYPES, Decorator, MypyFile
)
from mypy.typetraverser import TypeTraverserVisitor
from mypy.tvar_scope import TypeVarLikeScope
from mypy.exprtotype import expr_to_unanalyzed_type, TypeTranslationError
from mypy.plugin import Plugin, TypeAnalyzerPluginInterface, AnalyzeTypeContext
from mypy.semanal_shared import SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface
from mypy.errorcodes import ErrorCode
from mypy import nodes, message_registry, errorcodes as codes

T = TypeVar('T')

type_constructors = {
    'typing.Callable',
    'typing.Optional',
    'typing.Tuple',
    'typing.Type',
    'typing.Union',
    'typing.Literal',
    'typing_extensions.Literal',
    'typing.Annotated',
    'typing_extensions.Annotated',
}  # type: Final

ARG_KINDS_BY_CONSTRUCTOR = {
    'mypy_extensions.Arg': ARG_POS,
    'mypy_extensions.DefaultArg': ARG_OPT,
    'mypy_extensions.NamedArg': ARG_NAMED,
    'mypy_extensions.DefaultNamedArg': ARG_NAMED_OPT,
    'mypy_extensions.VarArg': ARG_STAR,
    'mypy_extensions.KwArg': ARG_STAR2,
}  # type: Final

GENERIC_STUB_NOT_AT_RUNTIME_TYPES = {
    'queue.Queue',
    'builtins._PathLike',
    'asyncio.futures.Future',
}  # type: Final


def analyze_type_alias(node: Expression,
                       api: SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface,
                       tvar_scope: TypeVarLikeScope,
                       plugin: Plugin,
                       options: Options,
                       is_typeshed_stub: bool,
                       allow_unnormalized: bool = False,
                       allow_placeholder: bool = False,
                       in_dynamic_func: bool = False,
                       global_scope: bool = True) -> Optional[Tuple[Type, Set[str]]]:
    """Analyze r.h.s. of a (potential) type alias definition.

    If `node` is valid as a type alias rvalue, return the resulting type and a set of
    full names of type aliases it depends on (directly or indirectly).
    Return None otherwise. 'node' must have been semantically analyzed.
    """
    try:
        type = expr_to_unanalyzed_type(node)
    except TypeTranslationError:
        api.fail('Invalid type alias: expression is not a valid type', node)
        return None
    analyzer = TypeAnalyser(api, tvar_scope, plugin, options, is_typeshed_stub,
                            allow_unnormalized=allow_unnormalized, defining_alias=True,
                            allow_placeholder=allow_placeholder)
    analyzer.in_dynamic_func = in_dynamic_func
    analyzer.global_scope = global_scope
    res = type.accept(analyzer)
    return res, analyzer.aliases_used


def no_subscript_builtin_alias(name: str, propose_alt: bool = True) -> str:
    msg = '"{}" is not subscriptable'.format(name.split('.')[-1])
    # This should never be called if the python_version is 3.9 or newer
    nongen_builtins = get_nongen_builtins((3, 8))
    replacement = nongen_builtins[name]
    if replacement and propose_alt:
        msg += ', use "{}" instead'.format(replacement)
    return msg


class TypeAnalyser(SyntheticTypeVisitor[Type], TypeAnalyzerPluginInterface):
    """Semantic analyzer for types.

    Converts unbound types into bound types. This is a no-op for already
    bound types.

    If an incomplete reference is encountered, this does a defer. The
    caller never needs to defer.
    """

    # Is this called from an untyped function definition?
    in_dynamic_func = False  # type: bool
    # Is this called from global scope?
    global_scope = True  # type: bool

    def __init__(self,
                 api: SemanticAnalyzerCoreInterface,
                 tvar_scope: TypeVarLikeScope,
                 plugin: Plugin,
                 options: Options,
                 is_typeshed_stub: bool, *,
                 defining_alias: bool = False,
                 allow_tuple_literal: bool = False,
                 allow_unnormalized: bool = False,
                 allow_unbound_tvars: bool = False,
                 allow_placeholder: bool = False,
                 report_invalid_types: bool = True) -> None:
        self.api = api
        self.lookup_qualified = api.lookup_qualified
        self.lookup_fqn_func = api.lookup_fully_qualified
        self.fail_func = api.fail
        self.note_func = api.note
        self.tvar_scope = tvar_scope
        # Are we analysing a type alias definition rvalue?
        self.defining_alias = defining_alias
        self.allow_tuple_literal = allow_tuple_literal
        # Positive if we are analyzing arguments of another (outer) type
        self.nesting_level = 0
        # Should we allow unnormalized types like `list[int]`
        # (currently allowed in stubs)?
        self.allow_unnormalized = allow_unnormalized
        # Should we accept unbound type variables (always OK in aliases)?
        self.allow_unbound_tvars = allow_unbound_tvars or defining_alias
        # If false, record incomplete ref if we generate PlaceholderType.
        self.allow_placeholder = allow_placeholder
        # Should we report an error whenever we encounter a RawExpressionType outside
        # of a Literal context: e.g. whenever we encounter an invalid type? Normally,
        # we want to report an error, but the caller may want to do more specialized
        # error handling.
        self.report_invalid_types = report_invalid_types
        self.plugin = plugin
        self.options = options
        self.is_typeshed_stub = is_typeshed_stub
        # Names of type aliases encountered while analysing a type will be collected here.
        self.aliases_used = set()  # type: Set[str]

    def visit_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType, defining_literal: bool = False) -> Type:
        typ = self.visit_unbound_type_nonoptional(t, defining_literal)
        if t.optional:
            # We don't need to worry about double-wrapping Optionals or
            # wrapping Anys: Union simplification will take care of that.
            return make_optional_type(typ)
        return typ

    def visit_unbound_type_nonoptional(self, t: UnboundType, defining_literal: bool) -> Type:
        sym = self.lookup_qualified(t.name, t)
        if sym is not None:
            node = sym.node
            if isinstance(node, PlaceholderNode):
                if node.becomes_typeinfo:
                    # Reference to placeholder type.
                    if self.api.final_iteration:
                        self.cannot_resolve_type(t)
                        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
                    elif self.allow_placeholder:
                        self.api.defer()
                    else:
                        self.api.record_incomplete_ref()
                    return PlaceholderType(node.fullname, self.anal_array(t.args), t.line)
                else:
                    if self.api.final_iteration:
                        self.cannot_resolve_type(t)
                        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
                    else:
                        # Reference to an unknown placeholder node.
                        self.api.record_incomplete_ref()
                        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
            if node is None:
                self.fail('Internal error (node is None, kind={})'.format(sym.kind), t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
            fullname = node.fullname
            hook = self.plugin.get_type_analyze_hook(fullname)
            if hook is not None:
                return hook(AnalyzeTypeContext(t, t, self))
            if (fullname in get_nongen_builtins(self.options.python_version)
                    and t.args and
                    not self.allow_unnormalized and
                    not self.api.is_future_flag_set("annotations")):
                self.fail(no_subscript_builtin_alias(fullname,
                                                     propose_alt=not self.defining_alias), t)
            tvar_def = self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym)
            if isinstance(sym.node, ParamSpecExpr):
                if tvar_def is None:
                    self.fail('ParamSpec "{}" is unbound'.format(t.name), t)
                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
                self.fail('Invalid location for ParamSpec "{}"'.format(t.name), t)
                self.note(
                    'You can use ParamSpec as the first argument to Callable, e.g., '
                    "'Callable[{}, int]'".format(t.name),
                    t
                )
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            if isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarExpr) and tvar_def is not None and self.defining_alias:
                self.fail('Can\'t use bound type variable "{}"'
                          ' to define generic alias'.format(t.name), t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            if isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarExpr) and tvar_def is not None:
                assert isinstance(tvar_def, TypeVarDef)
                if len(t.args) > 0:
                    self.fail('Type variable "{}" used with arguments'.format(t.name), t)
                return TypeVarType(tvar_def, t.line)
            special = self.try_analyze_special_unbound_type(t, fullname)
            if special is not None:
                return special
            if isinstance(node, TypeAlias):
                self.aliases_used.add(fullname)
                an_args = self.anal_array(t.args)
                disallow_any = self.options.disallow_any_generics and not self.is_typeshed_stub
                res = expand_type_alias(node, an_args, self.fail, node.no_args, t,
                                        unexpanded_type=t,
                                        disallow_any=disallow_any)
                # The only case where expand_type_alias() can return an incorrect instance is
                # when it is top-level instance, so no need to recurse.
                if (isinstance(res, Instance) and  # type: ignore[misc]
                        len(res.args) != len(res.type.type_vars) and
                        not self.defining_alias):
                    fix_instance(
                        res,
                        self.fail,
                        self.note,
                        disallow_any=disallow_any,
                        python_version=self.options.python_version,
                        use_generic_error=True,
                        unexpanded_type=t)
                if node.eager:
                    # TODO: Generate error if recursive (once we have recursive types)
                    res = get_proper_type(res)
                return res
            elif isinstance(node, TypeInfo):
                return self.analyze_type_with_type_info(node, t.args, t)
            else:
                return self.analyze_unbound_type_without_type_info(t, sym, defining_literal)
        else:  # sym is None
            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)

    def cannot_resolve_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> None:
        # TODO: Move error message generation to messages.py. We'd first
        #       need access to MessageBuilder here. Also move the similar
        #       message generation logic in semanal.py.
        self.api.fail(
            'Cannot resolve name "{}" (possible cyclic definition)'.format(t.name),
            t)

    def try_analyze_special_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType, fullname: str) -> Optional[Type]:
        """Bind special type that is recognized through magic name such as 'typing.Any'.

        Return the bound type if successful, and return None if the type is a normal type.
        """
        if fullname == 'builtins.None':
            return NoneType()
        elif fullname == 'typing.Any' or fullname == 'builtins.Any':
            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit)
        elif fullname in ('typing.Final', 'typing_extensions.Final'):
            self.fail("Final can be only used as an outermost qualifier"
                      " in a variable annotation", t)
            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
        elif (fullname == 'typing.Tuple' or
             (fullname == 'builtins.tuple' and (self.options.python_version >= (3, 9) or
                                                self.api.is_future_flag_set('annotations')))):
            # Tuple is special because it is involved in builtin import cycle
            # and may be not ready when used.
            sym = self.api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none('builtins.tuple')
            if not sym or isinstance(sym.node, PlaceholderNode):
                if self.api.is_incomplete_namespace('builtins'):
                    self.api.record_incomplete_ref()
                else:
                    self.fail('Name "tuple" is not defined', t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
            if len(t.args) == 0 and not t.empty_tuple_index:
                # Bare 'Tuple' is same as 'tuple'
                any_type = self.get_omitted_any(t)
                return self.named_type('builtins.tuple', [any_type],
                                       line=t.line, column=t.column)
            if len(t.args) == 2 and isinstance(t.args[1], EllipsisType):
                # Tuple[T, ...] (uniform, variable-length tuple)
                instance = self.named_type('builtins.tuple', [self.anal_type(t.args[0])])
                instance.line = t.line
                return instance
            return self.tuple_type(self.anal_array(t.args))
        elif fullname == 'typing.Union':
            items = self.anal_array(t.args)
            return UnionType.make_union(items)
        elif fullname == 'typing.Optional':
            if len(t.args) != 1:
                self.fail('Optional[...] must have exactly one type argument', t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            item = self.anal_type(t.args[0])
            return make_optional_type(item)
        elif fullname == 'typing.Callable':
            return self.analyze_callable_type(t)
        elif (fullname == 'typing.Type' or
             (fullname == 'builtins.type' and (self.options.python_version >= (3, 9) or
                                               self.api.is_future_flag_set('annotations')))):
            if len(t.args) == 0:
                if fullname == 'typing.Type':
                    any_type = self.get_omitted_any(t)
                    return TypeType(any_type, line=t.line, column=t.column)
                else:
                    # To prevent assignment of 'builtins.type' inferred as 'builtins.object'
                    # See https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/9476 for more information
                    return None
            type_str = 'Type[...]' if fullname == 'typing.Type' else 'type[...]'
            if len(t.args) != 1:
                self.fail(type_str + ' must have exactly one type argument', t)
            item = self.anal_type(t.args[0])
            return TypeType.make_normalized(item, line=t.line)
        elif fullname == 'typing.ClassVar':
            if self.nesting_level > 0:
                self.fail('Invalid type: ClassVar nested inside other type', t)
            if len(t.args) == 0:
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics, line=t.line, column=t.column)
            if len(t.args) != 1:
                self.fail('ClassVar[...] must have at most one type argument', t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            return self.anal_type(t.args[0])
        elif fullname in ('mypy_extensions.NoReturn', 'typing.NoReturn'):
            return UninhabitedType(is_noreturn=True)
        elif fullname in ('typing_extensions.Literal', 'typing.Literal'):
            return self.analyze_literal_type(t)
        elif fullname in ('typing_extensions.Annotated', 'typing.Annotated'):
            if len(t.args) < 2:
                self.fail("Annotated[...] must have exactly one type argument"
                          " and at least one annotation", t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            return self.anal_type(t.args[0])
        elif self.anal_type_guard_arg(t, fullname) is not None:
            # In most contexts, TypeGuard[...] acts as an alias for bool (ignoring its args)
            return self.named_type('builtins.bool')
        return None

    def get_omitted_any(self, typ: Type, fullname: Optional[str] = None) -> AnyType:
        disallow_any = not self.is_typeshed_stub and self.options.disallow_any_generics
        return get_omitted_any(disallow_any, self.fail, self.note, typ,
                               self.options.python_version, fullname)

    def analyze_type_with_type_info(
            self, info: TypeInfo, args: Sequence[Type], ctx: Context) -> Type:
        """Bind unbound type when were able to find target TypeInfo.

        This handles simple cases like 'int', 'modname.UserClass[str]', etc.
        """

        if len(args) > 0 and info.fullname == 'builtins.tuple':
            fallback = Instance(info, [AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)], ctx.line)
            return TupleType(self.anal_array(args), fallback, ctx.line)
        # Analyze arguments and (usually) construct Instance type. The
        # number of type arguments and their values are
        # checked only later, since we do not always know the
        # valid count at this point. Thus we may construct an
        # Instance with an invalid number of type arguments.
        instance = Instance(info, self.anal_array(args), ctx.line, ctx.column)
        # Check type argument count.
        if len(instance.args) != len(info.type_vars) and not self.defining_alias:
            fix_instance(instance, self.fail, self.note,
                         disallow_any=self.options.disallow_any_generics and
                         not self.is_typeshed_stub,
                         python_version=self.options.python_version)

        tup = info.tuple_type
        if tup is not None:
            # The class has a Tuple[...] base class so it will be
            # represented as a tuple type.
            if args:
                self.fail('Generic tuple types not supported', ctx)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            return tup.copy_modified(items=self.anal_array(tup.items),
                                     fallback=instance)
        td = info.typeddict_type
        if td is not None:
            # The class has a TypedDict[...] base class so it will be
            # represented as a typeddict type.
            if args:
                self.fail('Generic TypedDict types not supported', ctx)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            # Create a named TypedDictType
            return td.copy_modified(item_types=self.anal_array(list(td.items.values())),
                                    fallback=instance)
        return instance

    def analyze_unbound_type_without_type_info(self, t: UnboundType, sym: SymbolTableNode,
                                               defining_literal: bool) -> Type:
        """Figure out what an unbound type that doesn't refer to a TypeInfo node means.

        This is something unusual. We try our best to find out what it is.
        """
        name = sym.fullname
        if name is None:
            assert sym.node is not None
            name = sym.node.name
        # Option 1:
        # Something with an Any type -- make it an alias for Any in a type
        # context. This is slightly problematic as it allows using the type 'Any'
        # as a base class -- however, this will fail soon at runtime so the problem
        # is pretty minor.
        if isinstance(sym.node, Var):
            typ = get_proper_type(sym.node.type)
            if isinstance(typ, AnyType):
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_unimported_type,
                               missing_import_name=typ.missing_import_name)
        # Option 2:
        # Unbound type variable. Currently these may be still valid,
        # for example when defining a generic type alias.
        unbound_tvar = (isinstance(sym.node, TypeVarExpr) and
                        self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym) is None)
        if self.allow_unbound_tvars and unbound_tvar:
            return t

        # Option 3:
        # Enum value. Note: we only want to return a LiteralType when
        # we're using this enum value specifically within context of
        # a "Literal[...]" type. So, if `defining_literal` is not set,
        # we bail out early with an error.
        #
        # If, in the distant future, we decide to permit things like
        # `def foo(x: Color.RED) -> None: ...`, we can remove that
        # check entirely.
        if isinstance(sym.node, Var) and sym.node.info and sym.node.info.is_enum:
            value = sym.node.name
            base_enum_short_name = sym.node.info.name
            if not defining_literal:
                msg = message_registry.INVALID_TYPE_RAW_ENUM_VALUE.format(
                    base_enum_short_name, value)
                self.fail(msg, t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            return LiteralType(
                value=value,
                fallback=Instance(sym.node.info, [], line=t.line, column=t.column),
                line=t.line,
                column=t.column,
            )

        # None of the above options worked. We parse the args (if there are any)
        # to make sure there are no remaining semanal-only types, then give up.
        t = t.copy_modified(args=self.anal_array(t.args))
        # TODO: Move this message building logic to messages.py.
        notes = []  # type: List[str]
        if isinstance(sym.node, Var):
            notes.append('See https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/'
                         'stable/common_issues.html#variables-vs-type-aliases')
            message = 'Variable "{}" is not valid as a type'
        elif isinstance(sym.node, (SYMBOL_FUNCBASE_TYPES, Decorator)):
            message = 'Function "{}" is not valid as a type'
            notes.append('Perhaps you need "Callable[...]" or a callback protocol?')
        elif isinstance(sym.node, MypyFile):
            # TODO: suggest a protocol when supported.
            message = 'Module "{}" is not valid as a type'
        elif unbound_tvar:
            message = 'Type variable "{}" is unbound'
            short = name.split('.')[-1]
            notes.append(('(Hint: Use "Generic[{}]" or "Protocol[{}]" base class'
                          ' to bind "{}" inside a class)').format(short, short, short))
            notes.append('(Hint: Use "{}" in function signature to bind "{}"'
                         ' inside a function)'.format(short, short))
        else:
            message = 'Cannot interpret reference "{}" as a type'
        self.fail(message.format(name), t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
        for note in notes:
            self.note(note, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)

        # TODO: Would it be better to always return Any instead of UnboundType
        # in case of an error? On one hand, UnboundType has a name so error messages
        # are more detailed, on the other hand, some of them may be bogus,
        # see https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4987.
        return t

    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_none_type(self, t: NoneType) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_uninhabited_type(self, t: UninhabitedType) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_erased_type(self, t: ErasedType) -> Type:
        # This type should exist only temporarily during type inference
        assert False, "Internal error: Unexpected erased type"

    def visit_deleted_type(self, t: DeletedType) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_type_list(self, t: TypeList) -> Type:
        self.fail('Bracketed expression "[...]" is not valid as a type', t)
        self.note('Did you mean "List[...]"?', t)
        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)

    def visit_callable_argument(self, t: CallableArgument) -> Type:
        self.fail('Invalid type', t)
        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)

    def visit_instance(self, t: Instance) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_type_alias_type(self, t: TypeAliasType) -> Type:
        # TODO: should we do something here?
        return t

    def visit_type_var(self, t: TypeVarType) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_callable_type(self, t: CallableType, nested: bool = True) -> Type:
        # Every Callable can bind its own type variables, if they're not in the outer scope
        with self.tvar_scope_frame():
            if self.defining_alias:
                variables = t.variables
            else:
                variables = self.bind_function_type_variables(t, t)
            special = self.anal_type_guard(t.ret_type)
            ret = t.copy_modified(arg_types=self.anal_array(t.arg_types, nested=nested),
                                  ret_type=self.anal_type(t.ret_type, nested=nested),
                                  # If the fallback isn't filled in yet,
                                  # its type will be the falsey FakeInfo
                                  fallback=(t.fallback if t.fallback.type
                                            else self.named_type('builtins.function')),
                                  variables=self.anal_var_defs(variables),
                                  type_guard=special,
                                  )
        return ret

    def visit_type_guard_type(self, t: TypeGuardType) -> Type:
        return t

    def anal_type_guard(self, t: Type) -> Optional[Type]:
        if isinstance(t, UnboundType):
            sym = self.lookup_qualified(t.name, t)
            if sym is not None and sym.node is not None:
                return self.anal_type_guard_arg(t, sym.node.fullname)
        # TODO: What if it's an Instance? Then use t.type.fullname?
        return None

    def anal_type_guard_arg(self, t: UnboundType, fullname: str) -> Optional[Type]:
        if fullname in ('typing_extensions.TypeGuard', 'typing.TypeGuard'):
            if len(t.args) != 1:
                self.fail("TypeGuard must have exactly one type argument", t)
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            return self.anal_type(t.args[0])
        return None

    def visit_overloaded(self, t: Overloaded) -> Type:
        # Overloaded types are manually constructed in semanal.py by analyzing the
        # AST and combining together the Callable types this visitor converts.
        #
        # So if we're ever asked to reanalyze an Overloaded type, we know it's
        # fine to just return it as-is.
        return t

    def visit_tuple_type(self, t: TupleType) -> Type:
        # Types such as (t1, t2, ...) only allowed in assignment statements. They'll
        # generate errors elsewhere, and Tuple[t1, t2, ...] must be used instead.
        if t.implicit and not self.allow_tuple_literal:
            self.fail('Syntax error in type annotation', t, code=codes.SYNTAX)
            if len(t.items) == 0:
                self.note('Suggestion: Use Tuple[()] instead of () for an empty tuple, or '
                'None for a function without a return value', t, code=codes.SYNTAX)
            elif len(t.items) == 1:
                self.note('Suggestion: Is there a spurious trailing comma?', t, code=codes.SYNTAX)
            else:
                self.note('Suggestion: Use Tuple[T1, ..., Tn] instead of (T1, ..., Tn)', t,
                          code=codes.SYNTAX)
            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
        star_count = sum(1 for item in t.items if isinstance(item, StarType))
        if star_count > 1:
            self.fail('At most one star type allowed in a tuple', t)
            if t.implicit:
                return TupleType([AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error) for _ in t.items],
                                 self.named_type('builtins.tuple'),
                                 t.line)
            else:
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
        # If the fallback isn't filled in yet, its type will be the falsey FakeInfo
        fallback = (t.partial_fallback if t.partial_fallback.type
                    else self.named_type('builtins.tuple', [any_type]))
        return TupleType(self.anal_array(t.items), fallback, t.line)

    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> Type:
        items = OrderedDict([
            (item_name, self.anal_type(item_type))
            for (item_name, item_type) in t.items.items()
        ])
        return TypedDictType(items, set(t.required_keys), t.fallback)

    def visit_raw_expression_type(self, t: RawExpressionType) -> Type:
        # We should never see a bare Literal. We synthesize these raw literals
        # in the earlier stages of semantic analysis, but those
        # "fake literals" should always be wrapped in an UnboundType
        # corresponding to 'Literal'.
        #
        # Note: if at some point in the distant future, we decide to
        # make signatures like "foo(x: 20) -> None" legal, we can change
        # this method so it generates and returns an actual LiteralType
        # instead.

        if self.report_invalid_types:
            if t.base_type_name in ('builtins.int', 'builtins.bool'):
                # The only time it makes sense to use an int or bool is inside of
                # a literal type.
                msg = "Invalid type: try using Literal[{}] instead?".format(repr(t.literal_value))
            elif t.base_type_name in ('builtins.float', 'builtins.complex'):
                # We special-case warnings for floats and complex numbers.
                msg = "Invalid type: {} literals cannot be used as a type".format(t.simple_name())
            else:
                # And in all other cases, we default to a generic error message.
                # Note: the reason why we use a generic error message for strings
                # but not ints or bools is because whenever we see an out-of-place
                # string, it's unclear if the user meant to construct a literal type
                # or just misspelled a regular type. So we avoid guessing.
                msg = 'Invalid type comment or annotation'

            self.fail(msg, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)
            if t.note is not None:
                self.note(t.note, t, code=codes.VALID_TYPE)

        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error, line=t.line, column=t.column)

    def visit_literal_type(self, t: LiteralType) -> Type:
        return t

    def visit_star_type(self, t: StarType) -> Type:
        return StarType(self.anal_type(t.type), t.line)

    def visit_union_type(self, t: UnionType) -> Type:
        if (t.uses_pep604_syntax is True
                and t.is_evaluated is True
                and self.api.is_stub_file is False
                and self.options.python_version < (3, 10)
                and self.api.is_future_flag_set('annotations') is False):
            self.fail("X | Y syntax for unions requires Python 3.10", t)
        return UnionType(self.anal_array(t.items), t.line)

    def visit_partial_type(self, t: PartialType) -> Type:
        assert False, "Internal error: Unexpected partial type"

    def visit_ellipsis_type(self, t: EllipsisType) -> Type:
        self.fail('Unexpected "..."', t)
        return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)

    def visit_type_type(self, t: TypeType) -> Type:
        return TypeType.make_normalized(self.anal_type(t.item), line=t.line)

    def visit_placeholder_type(self, t: PlaceholderType) -> Type:
        n = None if t.fullname is None else self.api.lookup_fully_qualified(t.fullname)
        if not n or isinstance(n.node, PlaceholderNode):
            self.api.defer()  # Still incomplete
            return t
        else:
            # TODO: Handle non-TypeInfo
            assert isinstance(n.node, TypeInfo)
            return self.analyze_type_with_type_info(n.node, t.args, t)

    def analyze_callable_args_for_paramspec(
        self,
        callable_args: Type,
        ret_type: Type,
        fallback: Instance,
    ) -> Optional[CallableType]:
        """Construct a 'Callable[P, RET]', where P is ParamSpec, return None if we cannot."""
        if not isinstance(callable_args, UnboundType):
            return None
        sym = self.lookup_qualified(callable_args.name, callable_args)
        if sym is None:
            return None
        tvar_def = self.tvar_scope.get_binding(sym)
        if not isinstance(tvar_def, ParamSpecDef):
            return None

        # TODO(shantanu): construct correct type for paramspec
        return CallableType(
            [AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit)],
            [nodes.ARG_STAR, nodes.ARG_STAR2],
            [None, None],
            ret_type=ret_type,
            fallback=fallback,
            is_ellipsis_args=True
        )

    def analyze_callable_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> Type:
        fallback = self.named_type('builtins.function')
        if len(t.args) == 0:
            # Callable (bare). Treat as Callable[..., Any].
            any_type = self.get_omitted_any(t)
            ret = CallableType([any_type, any_type],
                               [nodes.ARG_STAR, nodes.ARG_STAR2],
                               [None, None],
                               ret_type=any_type,
                               fallback=fallback,
                               is_ellipsis_args=True)
        elif len(t.args) == 2:
            callable_args = t.args[0]
            ret_type = t.args[1]
            if isinstance(callable_args, TypeList):
                # Callable[[ARG, ...], RET] (ordinary callable type)
                analyzed_args = self.analyze_callable_args(callable_args)
                if analyzed_args is None:
                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
                args, kinds, names = analyzed_args
                ret = CallableType(args,
                                   kinds,
                                   names,
                                   ret_type=ret_type,
                                   fallback=fallback)
            elif isinstance(callable_args, EllipsisType):
                # Callable[..., RET] (with literal ellipsis; accept arbitrary arguments)
                ret = CallableType([AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit),
                                    AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit)],
                                   [nodes.ARG_STAR, nodes.ARG_STAR2],
                                   [None, None],
                                   ret_type=ret_type,
                                   fallback=fallback,
                                   is_ellipsis_args=True)
            else:
                # Callable[P, RET] (where P is ParamSpec)
                maybe_ret = self.analyze_callable_args_for_paramspec(
                    callable_args,
                    ret_type,
                    fallback
                )
                if maybe_ret is None:
                    # Callable[?, RET] (where ? is something invalid)
                    # TODO(shantanu): change error to mention paramspec, once we actually have some
                    # support for it
                    self.fail('The first argument to Callable must be a list of types or "..."', t)
                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
                ret = maybe_ret
        else:
            self.fail('Please use "Callable[[<parameters>], <return type>]" or "Callable"', t)
            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
        assert isinstance(ret, CallableType)
        return ret.accept(self)

    def analyze_callable_args(self, arglist: TypeList) -> Optional[Tuple[List[Type],
                                                                         List[int],
                                                                         List[Optional[str]]]]:
        args = []   # type: List[Type]
        kinds = []  # type: List[int]
        names = []  # type: List[Optional[str]]
        for arg in arglist.items:
            if isinstance(arg, CallableArgument):
                args.append(arg.typ)
                names.append(arg.name)
                if arg.constructor is None:
                    return None
                found = self.lookup_qualified(arg.constructor, arg)
                if found is None:
                    # Looking it up already put an error message in
                    return None
                elif found.fullname not in ARG_KINDS_BY_CONSTRUCTOR:
                    self.fail('Invalid argument constructor "{}"'.format(
                        found.fullname), arg)
                    return None
                else:
                    assert found.fullname is not None
                    kind = ARG_KINDS_BY_CONSTRUCTOR[found.fullname]
                    kinds.append(kind)
                    if arg.name is not None and kind in {ARG_STAR, ARG_STAR2}:
                        self.fail("{} arguments should not have names".format(
                            arg.constructor), arg)
                        return None
            else:
                args.append(arg)
                kinds.append(ARG_POS)
                names.append(None)
        # Note that arglist below is only used for error context.
        check_arg_names(names, [arglist] * len(args), self.fail, "Callable")
        check_arg_kinds(kinds, [arglist] * len(args), self.fail)
        return args, kinds, names

    def analyze_literal_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> Type:
        if len(t.args) == 0:
            self.fail('Literal[...] must have at least one parameter', t)
            return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)

        output = []  # type: List[Type]
        for i, arg in enumerate(t.args):
            analyzed_types = self.analyze_literal_param(i + 1, arg, t)
            if analyzed_types is None:
                return AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
            else:
                output.extend(analyzed_types)
        return UnionType.make_union(output, line=t.line)

    def analyze_literal_param(self, idx: int, arg: Type, ctx: Context) -> Optional[List[Type]]:
        # This UnboundType was originally defined as a string.
        if isinstance(arg, UnboundType) and arg.original_str_expr is not None:
            assert arg.original_str_fallback is not None
            return [LiteralType(
                value=arg.original_str_expr,
                fallback=self.named_type_with_normalized_str(arg.original_str_fallback),
                line=arg.line,
                column=arg.column,
            )]

        # If arg is an UnboundType that was *not* originally defined as
        # a string, try expanding it in case it's a type alias or something.
        if isinstance(arg, UnboundType):
            self.nesting_level += 1
            try:
                arg = self.visit_unbound_type(arg, defining_literal=True)
            finally:
                self.nesting_level -= 1

        # Literal[...] cannot contain Any. Give up and add an error message
        # (if we haven't already).
        arg = get_proper_type(arg)
        if isinstance(arg, AnyType):
            # Note: We can encounter Literals containing 'Any' under three circumstances:
            #
            # 1. If the user attempts use an explicit Any as a parameter
            # 2. If the user is trying to use an enum value imported from a module with
            #    no type hints, giving it an an implicit type of 'Any'
            # 3. If there's some other underlying problem with the parameter.
            #
            # We report an error in only the first two cases. In the third case, we assume
            # some other region of the code has already reported a more relevant error.
            #
            # TODO: Once we start adding support for enums, make sure we report a custom
            # error for case 2 as well.
            if arg.type_of_any not in (TypeOfAny.from_error, TypeOfAny.special_form):
                self.fail('Parameter {} of Literal[...] cannot be of type "Any"'.format(idx), ctx)
            return None
        elif isinstance(arg, RawExpressionType):
            # A raw literal. Convert it directly into a literal if we can.
            if arg.literal_value is None:
                name = arg.simple_name()
                if name in ('float', 'complex'):
                    msg = 'Parameter {} of Literal[...] cannot be of type "{}"'.format(idx, name)
                else:
                    msg = 'Invalid type: Literal[...] cannot contain arbitrary expressions'
                self.fail(msg, ctx)
                # Note: we deliberately ignore arg.note here: the extra info might normally be
                # helpful, but it generally won't make sense in the context of a Literal[...].
                return None

            # Remap bytes and unicode into the appropriate type for the correct Python version
            fallback = self.named_type_with_normalized_str(arg.base_type_name)
            assert isinstance(fallback, Instance)
            return [LiteralType(arg.literal_value, fallback, line=arg.line, column=arg.column)]
        elif isinstance(arg, (NoneType, LiteralType)):
            # Types that we can just add directly to the literal/potential union of literals.
            return [arg]
        elif isinstance(arg, Instance) and arg.last_known_value is not None:
            # Types generated from declarations like "var: Final = 4".
            return [arg.last_known_value]
        elif isinstance(arg, UnionType):
            out = []
            for union_arg in arg.items:
                union_result = self.analyze_literal_param(idx, union_arg, ctx)
                if union_result is None:
                    return None
                out.extend(union_result)
            return out
        else:
            self.fail('Parameter {} of Literal[...] is invalid'.format(idx), ctx)
            return None

    def analyze_type(self, t: Type) -> Type:
        return t.accept(self)

    def fail(self, msg: str, ctx: Context, *, code: Optional[ErrorCode] = None) -> None:
        self.fail_func(msg, ctx, code=code)

    def note(self, msg: str, ctx: Context, *, code: Optional[ErrorCode] = None) -> None:
        self.note_func(msg, ctx, code=code)

    @contextmanager
    def tvar_scope_frame(self) -> Iterator[None]:
        old_scope = self.tvar_scope
        self.tvar_scope = self.tvar_scope.method_frame()
        yield
        self.tvar_scope = old_scope

    def infer_type_variables(self,
                             type: CallableType) -> List[Tuple[str, TypeVarLikeExpr]]:
        """Return list of unique type variables referred to in a callable."""
        names = []  # type: List[str]
        tvars = []  # type: List[TypeVarLikeExpr]
        for arg in type.arg_types:
            for name, tvar_expr in arg.accept(
                TypeVarLikeQuery(self.lookup_qualified, self.tvar_scope)
            ):
                if name not in names:
                    names.append(name)
                    tvars.append(tvar_expr)
        # When finding type variables in the return type of a function, don't
        # look inside Callable types.  Type variables only appearing in
        # functions in the return type belong to those functions, not the
        # function we're currently analyzing.
        for name, tvar_expr in type.ret_type.accept(
            TypeVarLikeQuery(self.lookup_qualified, self.tvar_scope, include_callables=False)
        ):
            if name not in names:
                names.append(name)
                tvars.append(tvar_expr)
        return list(zip(names, tvars))

    def bind_function_type_variables(
        self, fun_type: CallableType, defn: Context
    ) -> Sequence[TypeVarLikeDef]:
        """Find the type variables of the function type and bind them in our tvar_scope"""
        if fun_type.variables:
            for var in fun_type.variables:
                var_node = self.lookup_qualified(var.name, defn)
                assert var_node, "Binding for function type variable not found within function"
                var_expr = var_node.node
                assert isinstance(var_expr, TypeVarLikeExpr)
                self.tvar_scope.bind_new(var.name, var_expr)
            return fun_type.variables
        typevars = self.infer_type_variables(fun_type)
        # Do not define a new type variable if already defined in scope.
        typevars = [(name, tvar) for name, tvar in typevars
                    if not self.is_defined_type_var(name, defn)]
        defs = []  # type: List[TypeVarLikeDef]
        for name, tvar in typevars:
            if not self.tvar_scope.allow_binding(tvar.fullname):
                self.fail('Type variable "{}" is bound by an outer class'.format(name), defn)
            self.tvar_scope.bind_new(name, tvar)
            binding = self.tvar_scope.get_binding(tvar.fullname)
            assert binding is not None
            defs.append(binding)

        return defs

    def is_defined_type_var(self, tvar: str, context: Context) -> bool:
        tvar_node = self.lookup_qualified(tvar, context)
        if not tvar_node:
            return False
        return self.tvar_scope.get_binding(tvar_node) is not None

    def anal_array(self, a: Iterable[Type], nested: bool = True) -> List[Type]:
        res = []  # type: List[Type]
        for t in a:
            res.append(self.anal_type(t, nested))
        return res

    def anal_type(self, t: Type, nested: bool = True) -> Type:
        if nested:
            self.nesting_level += 1
        try:
            return t.accept(self)
        finally:
            if nested:
                self.nesting_level -= 1

    def anal_var_def(self, var_def: TypeVarLikeDef) -> TypeVarLikeDef:
        if isinstance(var_def, TypeVarDef):
            return TypeVarDef(
                var_def.name,
                var_def.fullname,
                var_def.id.raw_id,
                self.anal_array(var_def.values),
                var_def.upper_bound.accept(self),
                var_def.variance,
                var_def.line
            )
        else:
            return var_def

    def anal_var_defs(self, var_defs: Sequence[TypeVarLikeDef]) -> List[TypeVarLikeDef]:
        return [self.anal_var_def(vd) for vd in var_defs]

    def named_type_with_normalized_str(self, fully_qualified_name: str) -> Instance:
        """Does almost the same thing as `named_type`, except that we immediately
        unalias `builtins.bytes` and `builtins.unicode` to `builtins.str` as appropriate.
        """
        python_version = self.options.python_version
        if python_version[0] == 2 and fully_qualified_name == 'builtins.bytes':
            fully_qualified_name = 'builtins.str'
        if python_version[0] >= 3 and fully_qualified_name == 'builtins.unicode':
            fully_qualified_name = 'builtins.str'
        return self.named_type(fully_qualified_name)

    def named_type(self, fully_qualified_name: str,
                   args: Optional[List[Type]] = None,
                   line: int = -1,
                   column: int = -1) -> Instance:
        node = self.lookup_fqn_func(fully_qualified_name)
        assert isinstance(node.node, TypeInfo)
        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
        return Instance(node.node, args or [any_type] * len(node.node.defn.type_vars),
                        line=line, column=column)

    def tuple_type(self, items: List[Type]) -> TupleType:
        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
        return TupleType(items, fallback=self.named_type('builtins.tuple', [any_type]))


TypeVarLikeList = List[Tuple[str, TypeVarLikeExpr]]

# Mypyc doesn't support callback protocols yet.
MsgCallback = Callable[[str, Context, DefaultNamedArg(Optional[ErrorCode], 'code')], None]


def get_omitted_any(disallow_any: bool, fail: MsgCallback, note: MsgCallback,
                    orig_type: Type, python_version: Tuple[int, int],
                    fullname: Optional[str] = None,
                    unexpanded_type: Optional[Type] = None) -> AnyType:
    if disallow_any:
        nongen_builtins = get_nongen_builtins(python_version)
        if fullname in nongen_builtins:
            typ = orig_type
            # We use a dedicated error message for builtin generics (as the most common case).
            alternative = nongen_builtins[fullname]
            fail(message_registry.IMPLICIT_GENERIC_ANY_BUILTIN.format(alternative), typ,
                 code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
        else:
            typ = unexpanded_type or orig_type
            type_str = typ.name if isinstance(typ, UnboundType) else format_type_bare(typ)

            fail(
                message_registry.BARE_GENERIC.format(quote_type_string(type_str)),
                typ,
                code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
            base_type = get_proper_type(orig_type)
            base_fullname = (
                base_type.type.fullname if isinstance(base_type, Instance) else fullname
            )
            # Ideally, we'd check whether the type is quoted or `from __future__ annotations`
            # is set before issuing this note
            if python_version < (3, 9) and base_fullname in GENERIC_STUB_NOT_AT_RUNTIME_TYPES:
                # Recommend `from __future__ import annotations` or to put type in quotes
                # (string literal escaping) for classes not generic at runtime
                note(
                    "Subscripting classes that are not generic at runtime may require "
                    "escaping, see https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/runtime_troubles.html"
                    "#not-generic-runtime",
                    typ,
                    code=codes.TYPE_ARG)

        any_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error, line=typ.line, column=typ.column)
    else:
        any_type = AnyType(
            TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics, line=orig_type.line, column=orig_type.column
        )
    return any_type


def fix_instance(t: Instance, fail: MsgCallback, note: MsgCallback,
                 disallow_any: bool, python_version: Tuple[int, int],
                 use_generic_error: bool = False,
                 unexpanded_type: Optional[Type] = None,) -> None:
    """Fix a malformed instance by replacing all type arguments with Any.

    Also emit a suitable error if this is not due to implicit Any's.
    """
    if len(t.args) == 0:
        if use_generic_error:
            fullname = None  # type: Optional[str]
        else:
            fullname = t.type.fullname
        any_type = get_omitted_any(disallow_any, fail, note, t, python_version, fullname,
                                   unexpanded_type)
        t.args = (any_type,) * len(t.type.type_vars)
        return
    # Invalid number of type parameters.
    n = len(t.type.type_vars)
    s = '{} type arguments'.format(n)
    if n == 0:
        s = 'no type arguments'
    elif n == 1:
        s = '1 type argument'
    act = str(len(t.args))
    if act == '0':
        act = 'none'
    fail('"{}" expects {}, but {} given'.format(
        t.type.name, s, act), t, code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
    # Construct the correct number of type arguments, as
    # otherwise the type checker may crash as it expects
    # things to be right.
    t.args = tuple(AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error) for _ in t.type.type_vars)
    t.invalid = True


def expand_type_alias(node: TypeAlias, args: List[Type],
                      fail: MsgCallback, no_args: bool, ctx: Context, *,
                      unexpanded_type: Optional[Type] = None,
                      disallow_any: bool = False) -> Type:
    """Expand a (generic) type alias target following the rules outlined in TypeAlias docstring.

    Here:
        target: original target type (contains unbound type variables)
        alias_tvars: type variable names
        args: types to be substituted in place of type variables
        fail: error reporter callback
        no_args: whether original definition used a bare generic `A = List`
        ctx: context where expansion happens
    """
    exp_len = len(node.alias_tvars)
    act_len = len(args)
    if exp_len > 0 and act_len == 0:
        # Interpret bare Alias same as normal generic, i.e., Alias[Any, Any, ...]
        return set_any_tvars(node, ctx.line, ctx.column,
                             disallow_any=disallow_any, fail=fail,
                             unexpanded_type=unexpanded_type)
    if exp_len == 0 and act_len == 0:
        if no_args:
            assert isinstance(node.target, Instance)  # type: ignore[misc]
            # Note: this is the only case where we use an eager expansion. See more info about
            # no_args aliases like L = List in the docstring for TypeAlias class.
            return Instance(node.target.type, [], line=ctx.line, column=ctx.column)
        return TypeAliasType(node, [], line=ctx.line, column=ctx.column)
    if (exp_len == 0 and act_len > 0
            and isinstance(node.target, Instance)  # type: ignore[misc]
            and no_args):
        tp = Instance(node.target.type, args)
        tp.line = ctx.line
        tp.column = ctx.column
        return tp
    if act_len != exp_len:
        fail('Bad number of arguments for type alias, expected: %s, given: %s'
             % (exp_len, act_len), ctx)
        return set_any_tvars(node, ctx.line, ctx.column, from_error=True)
    typ = TypeAliasType(node, args, ctx.line, ctx.column)
    assert typ.alias is not None
    # HACK: Implement FlexibleAlias[T, typ] by expanding it to typ here.
    if (isinstance(typ.alias.target, Instance)  # type: ignore
            and typ.alias.target.type.fullname == 'mypy_extensions.FlexibleAlias'):
        exp = get_proper_type(typ)
        assert isinstance(exp, Instance)
        return exp.args[-1]
    return typ


def set_any_tvars(node: TypeAlias,
                  newline: int, newcolumn: int, *,
                  from_error: bool = False,
                  disallow_any: bool = False,
                  fail: Optional[MsgCallback] = None,
                  unexpanded_type: Optional[Type] = None) -> Type:
    if from_error or disallow_any:
        type_of_any = TypeOfAny.from_error
    else:
        type_of_any = TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics
    if disallow_any:
        assert fail is not None
        otype = unexpanded_type or node.target
        type_str = otype.name if isinstance(otype, UnboundType) else format_type_bare(otype)

        fail(message_registry.BARE_GENERIC.format(quote_type_string(type_str)),
             Context(newline, newcolumn), code=codes.TYPE_ARG)
    any_type = AnyType(type_of_any, line=newline, column=newcolumn)
    return TypeAliasType(node, [any_type] * len(node.alias_tvars), newline, newcolumn)


def remove_dups(tvars: Iterable[T]) -> List[T]:
    # Get unique elements in order of appearance
    all_tvars = set()  # type: Set[T]
    new_tvars = []  # type: List[T]
    for t in tvars:
        if t not in all_tvars:
            new_tvars.append(t)
            all_tvars.add(t)
    return new_tvars


def flatten_tvars(ll: Iterable[List[T]]) -> List[T]:
    return remove_dups(chain.from_iterable(ll))


class TypeVarLikeQuery(TypeQuery[TypeVarLikeList]):

    def __init__(self,
                 lookup: Callable[[str, Context], Optional[SymbolTableNode]],
                 scope: 'TypeVarLikeScope',
                 *,
                 include_callables: bool = True,
                 include_bound_tvars: bool = False) -> None:
        self.include_callables = include_callables
        self.lookup = lookup
        self.scope = scope
        self.include_bound_tvars = include_bound_tvars
        super().__init__(flatten_tvars)

    def _seems_like_callable(self, type: UnboundType) -> bool:
        if not type.args:
            return False
        if isinstance(type.args[0], (EllipsisType, TypeList)):
            return True
        return False

    def visit_unbound_type(self, t: UnboundType) -> TypeVarLikeList:
        name = t.name
        node = self.lookup(name, t)
        if node and isinstance(node.node, TypeVarLikeExpr) and (
                self.include_bound_tvars or self.scope.get_binding(node) is None):
            assert isinstance(node.node, TypeVarLikeExpr)
            return [(name, node.node)]
        elif not self.include_callables and self._seems_like_callable(t):
            return []
        elif node and node.fullname in ('typing_extensions.Literal', 'typing.Literal'):
            return []
        else:
            return super().visit_unbound_type(t)

    def visit_callable_type(self, t: CallableType) -> TypeVarLikeList:
        if self.include_callables:
            return super().visit_callable_type(t)
        else:
            return []


def check_for_explicit_any(typ: Optional[Type],
                           options: Options,
                           is_typeshed_stub: bool,
                           msg: MessageBuilder,
                           context: Context) -> None:
    if (options.disallow_any_explicit and
            not is_typeshed_stub and
            typ and
            has_explicit_any(typ)):
        msg.explicit_any(context)


def has_explicit_any(t: Type) -> bool:
    """
    Whether this type is or type it contains is an Any coming from explicit type annotation
    """
    return t.accept(HasExplicitAny())


class HasExplicitAny(TypeQuery[bool]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__(any)

    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> bool:
        return t.type_of_any == TypeOfAny.explicit

    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> bool:
        # typeddict is checked during TypedDict declaration, so don't typecheck it here.
        return False


def has_any_from_unimported_type(t: Type) -> bool:
    """Return true if this type is Any because an import was not followed.

    If type t is such Any type or has type arguments that contain such Any type
    this function will return true.
    """
    return t.accept(HasAnyFromUnimportedType())


class HasAnyFromUnimportedType(TypeQuery[bool]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__(any)

    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> bool:
        return t.type_of_any == TypeOfAny.from_unimported_type

    def visit_typeddict_type(self, t: TypedDictType) -> bool:
        # typeddict is checked during TypedDict declaration, so don't typecheck it here
        return False


def collect_any_types(t: Type) -> List[AnyType]:
    """Return all inner `AnyType`s of type t"""
    return t.accept(CollectAnyTypesQuery())


class CollectAnyTypesQuery(TypeQuery[List[AnyType]]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__(self.combine_lists_strategy)

    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> List[AnyType]:
        return [t]

    @classmethod
    def combine_lists_strategy(cls, it: Iterable[List[AnyType]]) -> List[AnyType]:
        result = []  # type: List[AnyType]
        for l in it:
            result.extend(l)
        return result


def collect_all_inner_types(t: Type) -> List[Type]:
    """
    Return all types that `t` contains
    """
    return t.accept(CollectAllInnerTypesQuery())


class CollectAllInnerTypesQuery(TypeQuery[List[Type]]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__(self.combine_lists_strategy)

    def query_types(self, types: Iterable[Type]) -> List[Type]:
        return self.strategy([t.accept(self) for t in types]) + list(types)

    @classmethod
    def combine_lists_strategy(cls, it: Iterable[List[Type]]) -> List[Type]:
        return list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(it))


def make_optional_type(t: Type) -> Type:
    """Return the type corresponding to Optional[t].

    Note that we can't use normal union simplification, since this function
    is called during semantic analysis and simplification only works during
    type checking.
    """
    t = get_proper_type(t)
    if isinstance(t, NoneType):
        return t
    elif isinstance(t, UnionType):
        items = [item for item in union_items(t)
                 if not isinstance(item, NoneType)]
        return UnionType(items + [NoneType()], t.line, t.column)
    else:
        return UnionType([t, NoneType()], t.line, t.column)


def fix_instance_types(t: Type, fail: MsgCallback, note: MsgCallback,
                       python_version: Tuple[int, int]) -> None:
    """Recursively fix all instance types (type argument count) in a given type.

    For example 'Union[Dict, List[str, int]]' will be transformed into
    'Union[Dict[Any, Any], List[Any]]' in place.
    """
    t.accept(InstanceFixer(fail, note, python_version))


class InstanceFixer(TypeTraverserVisitor):
    def __init__(
        self, fail: MsgCallback, note: MsgCallback, python_version: Tuple[int, int]
    ) -> None:
        self.fail = fail
        self.note = note
        self.python_version = python_version

    def visit_instance(self, typ: Instance) -> None:
        super().visit_instance(typ)
        if len(typ.args) != len(typ.type.type_vars):
            fix_instance(typ, self.fail, self.note, disallow_any=False,
                         python_version=self.python_version, use_generic_error=True)
